2022 - July to September - Offshore Refugee Cohort News
July 2022:
Report finds Border Force was told Scott Morrison wanted to publicise asylum seeker boat on election day
A damning report has shed new light on an election day drama, with an explosive string of text messages being made public.
The report by the Secretary of the Department of Home Affairs, Michael Pezzullo AO, outlines the decisions of the former government to direct the public announcement of SIEV 915 on the day of the 2022 federal election.
Public servants were told words to the effect of “the Prime Minister wants a statement”.
The report includes an extraordinary text message exchange, with the Morrison government demanding the statement be released as soon as possible.
The report also finds there was pressure placed on officials to release a public statement regarding the interception of the asylum seeker boat “prior to the conclusion of the operational activity”.
“The pressure was exacerbated by the direction to draft and publicise the statement within 15 minutes,” it states (Maiden 2022).
July 2022:
Home Affairs report reveals Morrison government pressured department to release details on election day boat interception
A damning report revealed the former Morrison government pressured department officials to release information about an asylum seeker boat interception on election day despite an active operation unfolding (Davis).
July 2022:
Legal challenge against hotel detention
A two-day hearing in the Victorian Federal Court is challenging the legality of the Australian Government's use of hotels as Alternative Places of Detention.
The hotels have been used to detain Mostafa Azimitabar and hundreds of other refugees and asylum seekers and the hearing will argue that was unlawful under the Migration Act (ABCRN).
July 2022:
$3m a month: Court documents reveal cost of locking up sick refugees in city motel
Taxpayers stumped up about $3 million a month to lock up sick refugees at just one of dozens of sites across the country used as makeshift detention facilities.
The Mantra Hotel, in Melbourne’s north, was selected as a temporary detention facility in 2019 to accommodate dozens of refugees and asylum seekers rushed to Australia for emergency medical treatment from Nauru and Port Moresby, where they had been detained for six years (Hall)
July 2022:
Meet today’s Ned Kelly: trapped and forgotten in a factory of suffering
If Australians want a true test of the new government’s humanity, they should look at the ongoing struggle of Ned Kelly Emeralds at the intersection of displacement, detention and disability (Vasefi)
July 2022:
Australia’s lack of progress on human rights for people in detention under scrutiny
Australia’s lack of progress in fufilling its obligations under the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment of Punishment (OPCAT) is facing international scrutiny, reports Steven Caruana.
Last month, the United Nations Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT) published a press release signifying it would be visiting Australia in the ‘second half of this year.’ The SPT had planned to visit Australia in early 2019 but its mission was thwarted by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
With international borders slowly reopening, the SPT has once again turned its sights to Australia, and with good reason.
The SPT signified that their visit serves a dual purpose: to fulfill a ‘mandate to protect people deprived of liberty in a variety of settings…’; and to ‘…support the establishment of the [National Preventive] mechanism in countries where it does not yet exist.’ While both purposes are equally important, it is the latter that is particularly significant in the Australian context.
Despite having ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment of Punishment (OPCAT) in 2017, Australia’s progression towards fulfilling its treaty obligations have been considerably listless, prompting the Australian Human Rights Commissioner to describe it as ‘simply not good enough’ (Caruana).
July 2022:
'We need fundamental change': Sydney protesters call for better treatment of refugees, asylum seekers
Hundreds of human rights protesters gathered in Sydney on Sunday, championing calls to end offshore detention.
The Justice for Refugees rally in central Sydney saw an estimated crowd of up to 1,500 calling for better treatment of refugees and asylum seekers in Australia and abroad.
Protesters condemned the previous federal government's policies, describing them as "cruel."
"We're here today because we need fundamental change," protest organiser and Refugee Action Coalition coordinator Ian Rintoul said (SBS).
July 2022
The Comparative Network on the Externalisation of Refugee Policies (CONREP) released a policy paper on the health impacts of Australia’s immigration detention (CONREP).
July 2022:
Despite the Australian government’s insistence that it is not responsible for the 104 people who are left in Papua New Guinea, it continues to fund their living expenses.
What will happen to the asylum seekers who Australia refused to let in?
years after the Manus Island detention centre in Papua New Guinea closed, more than 100 men from the centre are still in PNG and still uncertain about their futures (Armbruster).
July 2022:
Does Australia’s harsh asylum seeker policy matter to the average Australian? It depends whether they have to get off the couch
Australia’s draconian refugee policies receive bipartisan support and high public approval, despite attracting widespread criticism overseas.
In new research, we asked Australians what they thought of the country’s boat arrivals policy – and studied whether their views changed when they were told the policies breached international law, were immoral, or harmed Australia’s international reputation (Shepherd).
July 2022:
REFUGEE RESPONSE INDEX (RRI) AUSTRALIA REVIEW
Pillar 1: Access to Asylum
Current Australian national policies and legislation on access to asylum are incompatible with international commitments, do not protect the right to seek asylum, nor guarantee human rights and the principle of non- refoulement. Since 2001, Australia has enacted a series of interdiction policies to prevent asylum seekers from arriving in Australia in order to claim protection. Obstacles to seeking protection are imposed via unilateral and cooperative extraterritorial migration controls to keep refugees in their countries of origin and first asylum or impede them from reaching national territory.2 Also, through highly controlled territorial borders whose entry systems are not protection-sensitive, officials prioritise visa cancellations and returns over protection claims and a fair refugee status determination (RSD) process.3 Deterrence policies expose asylum seekers to the risk of harm and refoulement, disregarding Article 33 of the Refugee Convention. (Refugee Council Australia).
July 2022:
The Comparative Network on Refugee Externalisation Policies (CONREP) published a paper into the harmful narratives used to discuss refugees, and proposed a better way forward (Asylum Insight).
The Kaldor Centre Data Lab
publishes regularly updated data on Australia’s refugee status determination procedures. The data currently covers review at the Administrative Appeals Tribunal and Immigration Assessment Authority, as well as judicial review at the Federal Circuit and Family Court.
The data provides unprecedented insights into the decision-making patterns of individual tribunal members and judges, as well as into the way the system is operating as a whole (Kaldor).
July 2022:
COMBATTING CORROSIVE NARRATIVES ABOUT REFUGEES
As has been extensively demonstrated, externalisation policies reshape the boundaries of sovereignty and blur the lines of responsibility among states. By avoiding their legal and political responsibility, many states violate their legal obligations. Externalisation deflects responsibility, transforming the governance of refugee protection and border control. Regional cooperation for refugee protection is weakened, and human rights protections are undermined. At a global level, migrationpathways are disrupted and refugees are often trapped in transit, placing them at risk. Nationally, some governments gain electoral advantage by being ‘tough’ on border protection, often using dehumanising language and misrepresenting refugees. The accelerating phenomenon of externalisation characterising these ‘tough’ border protection policies requires a comprehensive analysis by researchers, civil society actors, refugees and policy makers. This includes an analysis of the harmful narratives that circulate in the media and in public debate about those seeking refuge: this report examines the way that refugee movement and those seeking refuge, are represented, often with damaging effects and in ways that also serve to justify and enable externalisation practices (CONREP).
August 2022
'One of the most inhumane decisions I've ever seen': Inside one refugee's nine-year detention nightmare
When Najat Janabi arrived in Australia with her 16-year-old son Ahmed Shalikhan in 2013, she thought they'd finally made it to safety.
Their boat from Indonesia was the final leg in a decades-long journey, which included escaping persecution in Iraq under Saddam Hussein's regime and being stateless in Iran.
In reality, it was the beginning of another nightmare.
Nine years later, Ahmed is still locked in immigration detention — and there's no end in sight.
"I lost hope, I lost my childhood, I lost my education. I always wanted to have a better life. This government. This department took everything from me," he told the ABC.
Ahmed's case is complex (Nashar)
August 2022
Call to end 'immoral' refugee detention
Tasmanian MP Andrew Wilkie introduced the bill to the new parliament for consideration, calling for an end to the "torturous conditions" experienced by detainees.
His proposal would mandate time frames on detention, require independent oversight, introduce minimum conditions and make detention a last resort.
It would also provide detainees with access to housing, financial support, the right to work, education, health care, and other government services while visa applications are processed.
"This arrangement in Australia is immoral, it is immoral to deny someone their liberty and to keep them in cruel conditions in what is really a punitive arrangement," Mr Wilkie told parliament on Monday (Bannister).
August 2022:
Why was an Australian security firm collecting intelligence on asylum seekers?
Podcast: Guardian Australia has revealed that the Australian government used a private security firm to collect intelligence on asylum seekers being held on Nauru, in 2016. Leaked documents show that asylum seekers who had contact with Australian journalists, lawyers and advocates were closely watched by intelligence officers. Reporter Christopher Knaus explains how this came about and talks to the people who were the subject of ‘intelligence reports’ (Knaus).
August 2022:
Labor’s refusal to grant visa to people smuggler challenged in high court
The new home affairs minister’s decision to refuse a convicted people smuggler a protection visa has prompted a high court challenge in a test case for whether Australia’s policy of deterrence is “punitive”.
The plaintiff is an Iranian Christian man to whom Australia owes protection obligations due to his fear of religious persecution but both Peter Dutton and Clare O’Neil denied him a visa on the grounds that granting one would be against the national interest.
... According to court documents lodged in July, seen by Guardian Australia, the man arrived by boat without a visa in December 2013. He was charged and pleaded guilty to aggravated people smuggling, and was sentenced to eight years in prison (four without parole) in October 2017.
The New South Wales district court judge found the man was motivated by desperation to be reunited with his family, who had arrived in Australia in 2012 and received protection visas, not by a financial motive, and was unlikely to reoffend (Karp).
August 2022:
US operator gets keys to refugee centre
Albanese government selects US prison operator to run Australia’s offshore refugee processing centre on Nauru, stripping Brisbane-based firm of contract.’ (The Australian, Paywall).
August 2022:
SBS profiled business start-ups by refugees in Australia, highlighting the fact that they are more likely to start their own business than other migrant groups (Asylum Insight).
After surviving abduction and torture, Salhe is thriving in Australia via a new venture
When Salhe Siraj fled Eritrea to escape forced conscription, he was seeking freedom from conflict. Instead, he was abducted by a criminal gang, held hostage and tortured for ransom. Like many refugees starting over in Australia, Salhe's tenacity is helping him overcome new challenges (Fulloon).
August 2022
New immigration detention bill could give Australia a fresh chance to comply with international law
Last week, independent MP Andrew Wilkie reintroduced to federal parliament the Ending Indefinite and Arbitrary Immigration Detention Bill 2022. This bill gives Australia the chance to bring its immigration detention regime in line with basic international law requirements for the first time since 1992.
Wilkie’s bill presents a timely opportunity for the new federal government to reform a regime that leading legal and human rights organisations have called “inhumane, unnecessary, and unlawful” (Wood).
August 2022:
Dai Le thought she would die on her journey to Australia. She wants it to be easier for others to get here
Dai Le escaped the Vietnam war in a rickety boat filled with hundreds of asylum seekers, with her mother and two sisters.
After spending three years in refugee camps in Hong Kong and the Philippines, she arrived in Australia as an 11-year-old refugee,
She told SBS News how dangerous that journey was.
“I thought we were going to die," she said.
“My mother is praying [with] her rosary and saying make sure if the boat tips over you’re going to hold onto your sister, and I thought if the boat tipped over there’s no way we’re going to hold onto anything because we’re going to die because [there] was such a huge storm and none of us could swim.”
Some 30-odd years later, the independent member for Fowler believes processing times for refugees need to be cut drastically now more than ever (Dhanji).
August 2022:
How the refugees and asylum seekers we already have can help fill skill shortages
Migration is in the spotlight right now, mainly because Australia needs more workers to fill skills shortages in the job market.
But what's the situation for refugees, asylum seekers and migrants already in Australia when it comes to settling here permanently and getting meaningful and sustainable work? (ABC RN).
August 2022:
International Journal of Discrimination and the Law
(Some) refugees welcome: When is differentiating between refugees unlawful discrimination?
The article proceeds in two parts: Part I focuses on race discrimination in general international human rights law, clarifying the interaction between general human rights principles and instruments, and the specialist instrument in the field, the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD). The arguments in this part have the widest possible personal scope of application, as they apply to all persons, irrespective of refugeehood. Part II turns to nationality discrimi- nation, a practice that pervades international law and is not always treated with suspicion. And yet, when it comes to refugees, non-discrimination structures the entire Refugee Convention, and in particular Article 3 provides:
The Contracting States shall apply the provisions of this Convention to refugees without discrimination as to race, religion or country of origin
September 2022:
Australia to pay controversial US prisons operator $4.6m for 52 days of transition work on Nauru
The Australian government will pay $4.6m to a controversial US private prisons operator for 52 days of preparatory work ahead of its expected takeover of the offshore processing regime on Nauru, despite a range of serious allegations made against the company abroad.
The US-based Management and Training Corporation (MTC) has been accused in civil suits of “gross negligence” and “egregious” security failuresthat allegedly led to the gang-rape of a woman in detention, the murder of two retirees by escaped prisoners, and the months-long solitary confinement of a US citizen wrongfully held in immigration detention. It has also paid a multi-million dollar fine over a government bribery scandal (Doherty).
September 2022:
Australia to pay controversial US prisons operator $4.6m for 52 days of transition work on Nauru
MTC, which has been accused of ‘gross negligence’ that allegedly led to gang rape, will be paid during same period as previous contractor Canstruct
The Australian government will pay $4.6m to a controversial US private prisons operator for 52 days of preparatory work ahead of its expected takeover of the offshore processing regime on Nauru, despite a range of serious allegations made against the company abroad.
The US-based Management and Training Corporation (MTC) has been accused in civil suits of “gross negligence” and “egregious” security failuresthat allegedly led to the gang-rape of a woman in detention, the murder of two retirees by escaped prisoners, and the months-long solitary confinement of a US citizen wrongfully held in immigration detention. It has also paid a multi-million dollar fine over a government bribery scandal (Doherty).
September 2022:
‘I am hopeless now’: Australia’s $9.65 billion torture camps
Last year, the Morrison government spent at least $3.4 million making Ali’s life miserable. In the eight years prior to that, many, many more millions were spent imprisoning the young man who, as a 17-year-old fearing for his life, fled Afghanistan and took a boat to what he hoped to be a better future in Australia, only to end up on Nauru (Secombe).
September 2022:
Government and security company reach multimillion-dollar settlements with Manus Island guards
Multiple former employees of G4S who suffered physical or mental harm after 2014 riots have been compensated days into a predicted weeks-long tria
A private security company and the federal government have spent tens of millions of dollars settling legal claims brought by Manus Island guards who were left physically or mentally damaged from riots at the detention centre.
Three more claims were settled last week, meaning 15 former guards employed by G4S have now been compensated in relation to the February 2014 riots which claimed the life of the asylum seeker Reza Berati.
Seventy-seven people were injured in the riots at the Papua New Guinea centre, including a person who was shot in the buttock and another who suffered a fractured skull.
The former guards claimed that G4S and the government were responsible for “catastrophic” failures in relation to the riots, including by inadequately training staff and not making personal protective equipment available to them (Bucci).
September 2022:
Australia-New Zealand refugee deal: More than a dozen people to be resettled by the end of the year
Up to 150 refugees from Australia's existing regional processing cohort will be resettled in New Zealand each year for three years.
More than a dozen refugees currently under Australia's regional processing program could be sent to resettle in New Zealand by the end of the year as part of the bilateral deal struck in March, SBS News can exclusively reveal (Canetti).
September 2022:
Call for UN torture watchdog to investigate Australia’s handcuffing of asylum seekers en route to medical care
Detainees report feeling humiliated sitting in handcuffs in waiting rooms during medical appointments
The United Nations’ torture prevention watchdog has been urged to investigate Australia’s use of handcuffs on asylum seekers when seeking medical care – a practice advocates condemn as inhumane and unlawful.
In 2020, the Public Interest Advocacy Centre (Piac) launched a landmark test case in the federal court alleging the practice of handcuffing immigration detainees for medical transfers was unlawful and traumatic, particularly for those with histories of torture and abuse.
Now, Piac has requested the UN’s subcommittee on the prevention of torture investigate the practice during its visit to Australia next month. The subcommittee is expected to scrutinise Australia’s immigration detention network. Government and security company reach multimillion-dollar settlements with Manus Island guards
Piac and other advocacy groups say the practice effectively creates a barrier to accessing essential healthcare and is unlawful under the Migration Act and the Disability Discrimination Act (Doherty).
September 2022:
Only a matter of time before someone is killed in Australian immigration detention, detainees say
As average detention period blows out to a record 700 days, people inside say centres are rife with violence, drugs, and overcrowding
Severe overcrowding, the easy availability of drugs and an influx of “501s” – non-citizens who have had their visas cancelled for a criminal conviction – have made conditions inside centres such as Sydney’s Villawood intolerable, detainees say.
Guardian Australia spoke to numerous detainees – both 501s and asylum seekers – who said bashings, drug use and physical threats had become routine (Doherty)
September 2022:
How Australia’s ‘luck of the draw’ asylum system is leaving vulnerable people in limbo for years
Sister Aileen Crowe’s decades of experience with ‘dehumanising’ process is backed up by new research which reveals massive inconsistencies in decision-making
Bad news came always in a brown envelope. Those carried negative decisions, Sister Aileen Crowe says: the application for protection was rejected.
Over two decades, Crowe, a Franciscan nun, has lost count of the number of envelopes she has opened alongside anxious asylum seeker families, lost count of the number of hours spent pacing departmental halls waiting for the all-or-nothing assessment interview, lost count of the number of appeals she’s shepherded through Australia’s labyrinthine appeals process.
Later, the brown envelopes would be replaced by an email addressed to Crowe.
She would never forward them on, but would always print them out and take them round to their intended recipients “because someone needed to be present to provide a cushion to prevent further bruising.
“These experiences of a flawed system always led to frustration, anger and pity.”
The Australian government’s system for assessing asylum claims is sclerotic and capricious, unfair and unpredictable, Crowe says. It leaves vulnerable people drifting in limbo for years while decisions are made and contested, re-made and re-contested. And it sometimes sends people back to harm when applications ultimately fail, back to the lands they fled escaping persecution.
“The vulnerable feel more unsafe and become more fearful of the all-powerful government and so the… fear is perpetuated,” Crowe writes in her book, Acts of Cruelty.
She emphasises the “luck of the draw” for asylum seekers before the controversial administrative appeals tribunal, contingent upon which tribunal member they were drawn (Doherty 2022).
September 2022:
October 2022:
The Federal Budget: What it means for refugees and people seeking humanitarian protection
The budget for offshore processing has increased by $150 million this financial year, expanding the Morrison Government’s 2022-23 allocation to $632.5 million.
Since Australia’s offshore detention centres were reopened by the Gillard Government in 2012-13, successive governments have spent $11.654 billion on offshore detention and processing arrangements – $9.547 billion since the current version of offshore processing began in 2013-14
(Refugee Council of Australia 2022).
References
ABC RN 2022, Legal challenge against hotel detention, July 2022, https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/breakfast/legal-challenge-against-hotel-detention/13978790
Armbuster, Stephen 2022, What will happen to the asylum seekers who Australia refused to let in?, SBS News, July 2022, https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/what-will-happen-to-the-asylum-seekers-who-australia-refused-to-let-in/5er5c9twl
Bannister, Maeve 2022, Call to end 'immoral' refugee detention, Canberra Times, July 2022, https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7842132/call-to-end-immoral-refugee-detention/
Bucci, Nino 2022, Government and security company reach multimillion-dollar settlements with Manus Island guards, The Guardian, September 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/sep/11/government-and-security-company-reach-multimillion-dollar-settlements-with-manus-island-guards?
Canetti, Tom 2022, Australia-New Zealand refugee deal: More than a dozen people to be resettled by the end of the year, SBS News, September 2022, https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australia-new-zealand-refugee-deal-more-than-a-dozen-people-to-be-resettled-by-the-end-of-the-year/lawi0ztay
Caruana, Steve 2022, Croakey, July 2022, https://www.croakey.org/australias-lack-of-progress-on-human-rights-for-people-in-detention-under-scrutiny/
CONREP, HEALTHCARE AND THE HEALTH-RELATED HARMS OF AUSTRALIA’S REFUGEE EXTERNALISATION POLICIES, July 2022
Davis, Miriah 2022, Home Affairs report reveals Morrison government pressured department to release details on election day boat interception, Sky News, July 2022, https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/home-affairs-report-reveals-morrison-government-pressured-department-to-release-details-on-election-day-boat-interception/news-story/3e87c34f6e07c4e4c0ba61fdb3c932b7
Dhanji, Krishani 2022, Dai Le thought she would die on her journey to Australia. She wants it to be easier for others to get here, SBS News, August 2022, https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/dai-le-thought-she-would-die-on-her-journey-to-australia-he-wants-it-to-be-easier-for-others-to-get-here/z02a8zbkd
Doherty, Ben 2022, Call for UN torture watchdog to investigate Australia’s handcuffing of asylum seekers en route to medical care, The Guardian, Septermber 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/sep/16/call-for-un-torture-watchdog-to-investigate-australias-handcuffing-of-asylum-seekers-en-route-to-medical-care?
Doherty, Ben 2022, Only a matter of time before someone is killed in Australian immigration detention, detainees say, The Guardian, September 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/sep/04/only-a-matter-of-time-before-someone-is-killed-in-australian-immigration-detention-detainees-say?
Doherty, Ben 2022, How Australia’s ‘luck of the draw’ asylum system is leaving vulnerable people in limbo for years, The Guardian, September 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/sep/11/how-australias-luck-of-the-draw-asylum-system-is-leaving-vulnerable-people-in-limbo-for-years?
Fulloon, Sandra 2022, After surviving abduction and torture, Salhe is thriving in Australia via a new venture, SBS News, August 2022, https://www.sbs.com.au/news/small-business-secrets/article/salhe-was-abducted-and-tortured-fleeing-his-homeland-now-his-business-is-thriving-in-australia/v77vypurl
Hall, Bianca 2022, $3m a month: Court documents reveal cost of locking up sick refugees in city motel, Sydney Morning Herald, July 2022, https://www.smh.com.au/national/3m-a-month-court-documents-reveal-cost-of-locking-up-sick-refugees-in-city-motel-20220721-p5b3by.html
Kaldor Centre Data Lab, The UNSW Kaldor Centre released a Data Lab containing data on Tribunal and Court matters concerning asylum seekers and refugees.
https://www.kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.au/kaldor-centre-data-lab
Karp, Paul 2022, Labor’s refusal to grant visa to people smuggler challenged in high court, The Guardian, August 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/aug/09/labors-refusal-to-grant-visa-to-people-smuggler-challenged-in-high-court?
Knaus, Christopher 2022, Why was an Australian security firm collecting intelligence on asylum seekers? The Guardian Podcast, August 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/audio/2022/aug/11/why-was-an-australian-security-firm-collecting-intelligence-on-asylum-seekers
Maiden, Samantha 2022, Report finds Border Force was told Scott Morrison wanted to publicise asylum seeker boat on election day, News.com, July 2022, https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/report-finds-scott-morrison-told-border-force-to-publicise-asylum-seeker-boat-on-election-day/news-story/f91fbcf356f29f52fb32d5eb6a5c1742
Nashar, 'One of the most inhumane decisions I've ever seen': Inside one refugee's nine-year detention nightmare, ABC News, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-07/inside-ahmed-shalikans-detention-nightmare/101297672
Refugee Council of Australia, 2022, The Federal Budget: What it means for refugees and people seeking humanitarian protection, https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/federal-budget-summary/
Refugee Council of Australia, 2022, REFUGEE RESPONSE INDEX (RRI) AUSTRALIA REVIEW, August 2022, https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/RRI-Australia_Pillar-One_INTERIM-REPORT.pdf
Refufgee Law Initiative 2022, (Some) refugees welcome: When is differentiating between refugees unlawful discrimination? https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/13582291221116476
SBS News, 'We need fundamental change': Sydney protesters call for better treatment of refugees, asylum seekers, July 2022, https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/we-need-fundamental-change-sydney-protesters-call-for-better-treatment-of-refugees-asylum-seekers/et9uzjix7
Secombe, Mike 2022, ‘I am hopeless now’: Australia’s $9.65 billion torture camps, The Saturday Paper, September 2022,https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/politics/2022/09/10/i-am-hopeless-now-australias-965-billion-torture-camps#hrd
Shepherd, Jill 2022, Does Australia’s harsh asylum seeker policy matter to the average Australian? It depends whether they have to get off the couch, The Conversation, July 2022, https://theconversation.com/does-australias-harsh-asylum-seeker-policy-matter-to-the-average-australian-it-depends-whether-they-have-to-get-off-the-couch-180779
The Australian 2022, US operator gets keys to refugee centre, The Australian, August 2022, www.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2Falbanese-appoints-us-prison-operator-to-run-nauru-detention-centre
Vasefi, Saba 2022, Meet today’s Ned Kelly: trapped and forgotten in a factory of suffering, Sydney Morning Herald, July 2022, https://amp.smh.com.au/national/meet-today-s-ned-kelly-trapped-and-forgotten-in-a-factory-of-suffering-20220714-p5b1iu.html
Wood, Tamara 2022, New immigration detention bill could give Australia a fresh chance to comply with international law, The Conversation, August 2022, https://theconversation.com/new-immigration-detention-bill-could-give-australia-a-fresh-chance-to-comply-with-international-law-188519?